The four-week-old male and female Nu/Nu athymic nude mice were purchased from Jackson labs (J:NU 007850, Bar Harbor, ME) and allowed one week of acclimation. A 200 μL bolus containing 1.0 × 106 Hep3B cells in PBS and Matrigel Matrix High Concentration (Corning, Corning, NY) mixed in a 1:1 volume was subcutaneously injected on the left and right flanks of each animal via a 28-gauge needle. Digital calipers and a SonoSite 180+ ultrasound imaging system (SonoSite, Bothell, WA) were used to measure tumor dimensions. The tumor volume was calculated using the following formula: V = π/6 × 2a × b, where a is the short axis and b the long axis of the tumor. Once the tumor volume reached approximately 200 mm3, mice were randomly assigned to a specific treatment group. There was a total of 10 tumors per group.
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