Patient characteristics were summarized with appropriate descriptive statistics. For the protein expression analysis, the variance-stabilizing transformation (VSN) was first performed to normalize the proteomics and phosphoproteomics data, respectively. Missing data were imputed using the nearest neighbor approach. The comparison between PAH and healthy controls was then performed using the moderated t-test (limma package in R). The results were controlled for multiple comparisons with the false discovery rate (FDR) approach, and proteins with significantly different expressions were identified with FDR < 0.05. All analyses were conducted using R-studio (Boston, MA).
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