f3/D.

For admixture f3 analyses, aimed to test for evidence of admixture in a target population, we computed the f3 statistic using all pairs of population from Europe (including Turkey/Greece, Italian peninsula and Iberian peninsula), Caucasus, Middle East, North Africa, and Subsaharan Africa (Table S7). For the outgroup f3 analyses, aimed to estimate the amount of shared drift between a pair of populations, we computed the f3 statistics between a Sardinian (Arzana or Cagliari) and another mainland population, while using the Mbuti individuals as the outgroup. Both f3 and D statistics were calculated using Admixtools v3.0 (ref. ⁶²). Statistical significance was assessed using the default blocked jackknife implementation in Admixtools. Results were displayed geographically using ‘nps’ set of maps available through the OpenStreetMap package in R.