Graft biopsy was performed based on episodic hematuria and proteinuria or worsening renal function. The other protocol biopsies were performed at 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years after kidney transplantation. We defined the recurrence of AS as either focal or diffuse defects of immunoreactivities of type IV collagen α5 chains in the GBM. On electron microscopy, we defined the recurrence of AS as the significant progression of irregular thinning and thickening of the GBM with splitting and lamellation of the lamina densa.
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