The intracellular ATP content was determined using a bioluminescence somatic cell assay kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After various treatments, cells were lysed by 0.5% Triton X-100 in 100 mM glycine buffer, pH 7.4. Intracellular ATP levels were assayed with an ATP bio-luminescence assay kit (Sigma) based on the luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of d-luciferin [36]. The number of viable cells was counted with trypan blue using a hemacytometer. ATP level was expressed as femtomoles per cell.
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