Transwell chambers (24-well; Costar, Boston, MA, U.S.A.) were applied for cell migration assay. Cells in serum-free media were put into upper chambers afterwards, while medium with 10% FBS was put into the bottom chambers. After incubation for 24 h, migratory cells were treated with 4% PFA (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, Massachusett, U.S.A.) and 0.5% Crystal Violet. The cell numbers of three replications were counted in five different fields by a microscope.
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