For this retrospective, single-center study, we recruited patients from Jan 20 to Feb 6, 2020, at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center (SPHCC), Shanghai, China. SPHCC is the pointed hospital that treat COVID-19 for adults in Shanghai. All patients with COVID-19 enrolled in this study were diagnosed according to Chinese national guideline for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment, as well as the World Health Organization interim guidance.4 The study was approved by Ethics Committee of SPHCC and informed consent was obtained from patients involved before data were collected retrospectively. Informed consent was waived for patients unable to obtain an informed consent (i.e., those discharged or died).
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