Participants

The subjects were recruited from those who came for periodontal treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya. Case definition for periodontitis by Eke et al. (2012) was used [16]. The inclusion criteria: (i) BMI for obese > 30.0 kg/m² and normal weight < 25.0 kg/m² with loosened clothing and no shoes [17] (ii) minimum number of teeth 12 (iii) age > 30 years. The exclusion criteria: (i) history of periodontal treatment in last six months, (ii) on medication namely antibiotics and topical/systemic steroid treatment in last four months, (iii) current or planning for pregnancy during the intervention period, (iv) lactating mothers, (iv) mentally handicapped, (v) history of valve replacement and rheumatic heart disease which require antibiotic coverage. Self-reported questionnaire was used to obtain information on sociodemographic, education status, medical history and habits. Radiograph was taken on case to case basis.