The venom was collected from adult female H. hainanum using an electro-pulse stimulator as described previously (Hu et al., 2014; Yan et al., 2018). Expelled venom was collected from the fang tips with a tube, pooled, and freeze-dried. The freeze-dried crude venom was stored at −20 °C prior to analysis. H. hainanum venom (0, 1, 3, 10 and 30 µg/site) was injected into the ear in a fixed volume of 25 µl in PBS. 24 h after the intradermal (i.d.) injection of venom, the skin was collected and stored at −80 °C.
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