Tetra were from Sigma-Aldrich, Co. (T1512, St. Louis, MO, USA). Pifithrin-α hydrobromide was from MedChemExpress (HY-15484, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA). Recombinant Human TGF-β1 Protein was from R&D Systems, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, USA). The following primary antibodies were used: rabbit anti‐TNAP (ab108337, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), rabbit anti‐α-SMA (ab124964, Abcam), rabbit anti‐Vimentin (ab92547, Abcam), rabbit anti‐Fibronectin (ab2413, Abcam), rabbit anti‐TGF-β1 (SAB4502954, Sigma-Aldrich, Co.), rabbit anti-p-Smad2 (Ser465/Ser467) (#18338, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit anti-Smad2 (#5339, Cell Signaling Technology), rabbit anti-Smad3 (#9523, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), rabbit anti-AMPKα1/2 (phosphoThr183/172, YT0216, ImmunoWay Biotechnology, Co., Plano, TX, USA), rabbit anti-p-AMPKα1/2 (YP0575, ImmunoWay), rabbit anti-p53 (ab26, Abcam), rabbit anti-cyclinE (YT1176, ImmunoWay), and mouse anti-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (YM1038, ImmunoWay). Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (RS0004) or anti-mouse (RS0001) were from ImmunoWay. Goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibodies Alexa Fluor® 488 (RS23220, ImmunoWay) were used for immunofluorescent analysis.
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