To produce a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model, the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane inhalation in 100% oxygen (induced at 5% and maintained at 2%) and placed in a prone position. A midline incision was made at the L4–S2 level. The left paraspinal muscles were separated from the spinous processes, and the L6 transverse process was removed to expose the L4 and L5 spinal nerves. The L5 spinal nerve was then isolated and tightly ligated with 4-0 silk thread36. A sham surgery involved the same procedure without the ligation of the L5 spinal nerve.
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