In this study, we used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), which was established by the Taiwan's National Health Research Institute. The NHIRD consists of detailed claim data for more than 23 million enrollees, covering 99% of Taiwanese residents.[13] From this population-wide database, we randomly selected a 2 million sample covering years 1998 to 2009, inclusively.[14] The data were anonymized and de-identified prior to our analysis; hence, this type of study did not require the Institutional Review Board approval.
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