2.2. Experimental Procedure

Each participant completed one experimental session. Testing was performed under similar environmental conditions (23 ± 2 °C and 45 ± 7% relative humidity). All participants were advised to avoid strenuous exercise the day before the test. After providing written informed consent, retro-reflective markers were positioned on participants to assess their running biomechanics (details on marker position below). For each participant, a 5-s standing static trial using a standard reference position was recorded on a treadmill (Medic 2850, Technologies Machines Spéciales, Champs-sur-Yonne, France) for calibration purposes. Then, a 10-min run was performed on the treadmill. Participants were permitted to select and modify their running speed from 8 to 12 km·h⁻¹ during the 10 min, and were requested to maintain the 12 km·h⁻¹ for at least the last minute to allow group comparisons at a common speed. Three-dimensional (3D) kinematic data were collected during the last 30 s of the running trial. All participants were familiar with running on a treadmill as part of their usual training program and wore their habitual running shoes during testing.