4.2. Cell Culture

A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), CCL-185) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL of penicillin, and 100 μg/mL of streptomycin. The cell cultures were maintained in a humidified incubator with an atmosphere comprised of 95% air and 5% CO₂ at 37 °C. For the dicentrine treatment, dicentrine was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted with the culture medium, and the final concentration of DMSO was less than 0.1% (v/v).