Item Collection

With reference to previous studies, we collected and created 120 potential items that reflect the ESS (Supplementary Material S1). These studies include the following questionnaire studies: the schizotypal experience scales (linked with ESS; Launay and Slade, 1981; Claridge and Broks, 1984; Bentall et al., 1989; Raine, 1991; Mason et al., 1995; Waters et al., 2003; Cyhlarova and Claridge, 2005; Sugimori et al., 2009), depersonalization scales (linked with ownership; Putnam, 1997; Sierra and Berrios, 2000), and agency or minimal self scales (Parnas et al., 2005b ; Asai et al., 2009b). We also considered many other empirical, theoretical, and phenomenological studies to prepare for potential new items (e.g., Cahill, 1996; Iriki et al., 1996; Daprati et al., 1997; Botvinick and Cohen, 1998; Blakemore et al., 2000; Frith et al., 2000a; Peled et al., 2000; Fourneret et al., 2001; Franck et al., 2001; Platek and Gallup, 2002; Wegner, 2003; Blanke, 2004; Knoblich and Kircher, 2004; Maravita and Iriki, 2004; Sato and Yasuda, 2005; Asai and Tanno, 2007, 2008, 2013; Jones and Fernyhough, 2007; Asai et al., 2008, 2009a, 2011; David et al., 2008; Longo et al., 2008; Johns et al., 2010; Newport et al., 2010; Hauser et al., 2011; Hommes et al., 2011; Sugimori et al., 2011a,b, 2012; Sugimori and Asai, 2015). Ownership was assumed to include items like “Sometimes it feels like my body is jerky like a robot.” Agency might include “I sometimes bump into things or people when I am out walking.” Continuity might include “I cannot remember what I did during that period because my memory was fuzzy.” Uniformity might include “Sometimes I feel that I no longer know my own personality.” A tense and an expression for items were unified so that a higher score on a five-point Likert scale means a more anomalous ESS. This 120-item temporal scale is called the Embodied Sense of Self Scale temporal (ESSSt). The instruction was “Please indicate the extent to which the following statements generally apply to you by circling the corresponding number (1–5) next to the statement. (i) Strongly disagree, (ii) Disagree somewhat, (iii) Neither disagree nor agree, (iv) Agree somewhat, and (v) Strongly agree”.