2.1. Participants

The participants were enrolled from the Epilepsy Clinic at Neurology Department-MUH from October 2016 to April 2019. A diagnosis of epilepsy is made by history taking, description of seizure semiology, neurological examination, and electroencephalogram (EEG). Informed consent was obtained from each participant by the treating physician or other members of the research team according to the ethical guidelines. The study was approved by the Institutional Research Board (IRB) at the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.

Participants were screened to exclude neurological diseases except for epilepsy, substance use disorders (SUD) except cannabis, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular illnesses and those who had serious medical illnesses in the past 6 months. Regarding the use of cannabis, the inclusionary criterion includes the regular (cannabis use disorder, CUD) or sporadic/recreational use of cannabis at least 4 times per month for the last 6 months.