Statistics and biological replicates

All center values represent means and error bars represent the standard error of the mean except for Figure 1B boxes, which represent the mean and interquartile range, while vertical lines indicate the highest and lowest observations. The number of biological replicates, number of cells utilized per replicate, and p values are described in Supplemental Table 1. Fisher’s exact test, Student’s two-tailed t test, and Mann–Whitney U test were used to assess statistical significance between means. Fisher’s test was utilized to examine the significance of contingency when data were classified into two or more categories. Student’s two-tailed unpaired t test was used to examine the significance between two normal distributions (equal variance assumed). Normality tests were performed on both the raw data and meta-data extracted from the replicates of raw data. A Shapiro–Wilk normality test and D’Agostino–Pearson omnibus normality test were utilized to examine the normality of data. A Shapiro–Wilk normality test was used when the number of samples was less than eight. When the number of samples was greater than eight, a D’Agostino–Pearson omnibus normality test was used. A Mann–Whitney U test was utilized to examine the significance on nonnormal distributions. Results were considered statistically significant with p values less than 0.05. p Values were denoted on figures according to the following values: *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.005; and ****, p < 0.0005.