4.5. Cell Migration Assay (Wound–Healing Assay)

We seeded cells in a 24-well plate (5 × 10⁴ cells/well) and cultured at 37 °C, 5% CO₂ for 24 h. The 80–90% cell confluence was observed before the scratch assay was performed. We stimulated a wound using a sterile 200 μL pipette tip. After washing with PBS to remove loosened debris, cells were treated with YLE (0, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μg/mL) for 24 h at 37 °C, 5% CO₂. After treatment, cells were washed twice with PBS. The images of cells were captured under a CKX41 microscope (Olympus, Japan) at 400× magnification. Images were processed with ProgRes Capture Pro software v.2.8.8 (JENOPTIK Optical Systems, Jena, Germany).