2.9. H. pylori CagA Translocation and Phosphorylation Assay

Analysis of the levels of CagA translocation and phosphorylation were performed as described previously [37]. Briefly, AGS cells were treated with Lactobacillus strains (GMNL-74 or GMNL-185), and then infected with H. pylori at MOI of 1:100 for 6 h. The cell lysates were prepared and subjected to 6.5% SDS-PAGE then transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Pall, East Hills, NY, USA) for Western blot analysis. CagA and phospho-CagA were probed with mouse anti-CagA antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (Millipore). The proteins of interest were visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) and were detected by exposure to X-ray film (Kodak, Boca Raton, FL, USA).