To detect cell senescence, non-irradiated or irradiated GBM cells and xenograft tumor sections (4 μm thick) were stained using a Senescence β-Galactosidase Staining Kit (9860, Cell Signaling Technology) according to manufacturer instructions. Briefly, after washing the plate or slides with PBS, a 1× fixative solution was added to each well or slide for 15 min at room temperature. Next, the plates or slides were rinsed with PBS, and then β-galactosidase staining solution was added. The plates or slides were incubated overnight at 37 °C in a dry incubator (no CO2). After incubation, the slides were stained with Nuclear fast red (NFR; N3020, Sigma-Aldrich) for 5 min and rinsed with tap water. Cells and tissues were analyzed using an inverted fluorescence microscope (Axio Observer D1, Carl Zeiss) to detect the blue staining.
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