Charting, collating and summarising the data

We developed a data extraction form based on the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist.¹⁹ This checklist provides a template to structure accounts of an intervention (eg, goal of intervention, materials used, who delivered the intervention and how, where, when and how much and how well the intervention was delivered). We also used the Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) data collection form²⁰ to ensure we were comprehensive in extracting relevant study characteristics as outlined by Cochrane EPOC group. Study characteristics (eg, study design, country of origin, publication year), population characteristics (eg, CKD stage, comorbidities) and self-management intervention characteristics (eg, topics, format, target audience, providers, location, dose, duration and so on) were documented. For the study outcomes, the two reviewers (BK and MD) independently coded each outcome into categories identified by Grey et al (eg, behaviours, cognitions, physiological measures, symptoms, health status, healthcare and other).⁶ We pilot tested the form on a random sample of 10 eligible studies and once consensus between the two reviewers was reached, we independently abstracted data from the remaining eligible studies. Data were categorised and reported descriptively (ie, counts and frequencies). For qualitative studies, we identified the methodology and key concepts presented by the authors.