Mice

C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Joint Ventures Sipper BK Experimental Animal, Shanghai. Becn1^+/− mice, Cd19-cre mice, OT-II mice and PTPRC^a/CD45.1⁺ mice were obtained from the Jackson Laboratory, USA. Atg5^flox/flox mice were purchased from RBRC, Japan. All mice were generated as previously described [⁴⁸]. Mice were maintained in specific-pathogen free condition. All animal studies were performed with approvals from the Scientific Investigation Board of the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. Mice were used at 6 to 8 wk of age. Age and gender were matched for all animal experiments.