Endpoint

In accordance with previous studies,¹⁵ MetS was defined as the presence of at least three of the following components: 1) abdominal obesity or a WC ≥90 cm for men or ≥85 cm for women (following the Korean-specific cutoffs for abdominal obesity set by the Korean Society of Obesity);¹⁶ 2) hypertriglyceridemia or a serum TG concentration ≥150 mg/dL (1.69 mmol/L); 3) low HDL cholesterol or a serum HDL cholesterol concentration <40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) for men or <50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) for women; 4) high blood pressure, an SBP ≥130 mm Hg, a DBP ≥85 mm Hg, or treatment with antihypertensive agents; and 5) high fasting glucose, a fasting serum glucose ≥100 mg/dL, or previously diagnosed T2DM.