4.2. Sample Preparation

PS, germinated for nine days, were kindly provided by WooYoung E&T (Jeju, South Korea). PS were dried, freeze-dried, powdered, and extracted using the pressurized hot water extraction method (modified from [36]). A 10-g sample (dry weight) of PS was mixed with 100 mL of Milli-Q water. The extracted solutions were combined and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 min. Next, the obtained extracts were filtered using Whatman® filter paper and the filtrate was lyophilized to obtain the powdered extract. Finally, the obtained sample was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) at a concentration of 100 mg/mL with several aliquots and utilized freshly in the in vitro experiments.