4.1. Chemicals and Kits

Trizma base, N-laurylsarcosine, Triton X-100, boric acid, and 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Madison, WI, USA). The cell-culture medium and dish were acquired from Welgene (Daegu, Korea). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was bought from Welgene (Daegu, Korea). The LIVE/DEAD^® Viability/Cytotoxicity Assay Kit was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Cytotoxicity Assay kit was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). All of the other reagents and chemicals were purchased from commercial companies.