4.1. In Vitro Experiments

Primary porcine kidney endothelial cells were used as previously described [33], hypoxia was achieved by incubation in hypoxic atmosphere (Bactal 2 gaz, 0% O₂, 5% CO₂, and 95% N₂, Air Liquide, Paris, France) at 4 °C in UW or PEG solutions. Controls cells were cultured in regular media in normoxic atmosphere (20% O₂) for equivalent lengths of time. Assays were: (i) necrosis: ratio supernatant LDH/intracellular LDH (tested on automated analyzer, Modular analytics P, Roche); (ii) Mitochondrial Succinate Deshydrogenase activity: XTT kit (Roche, Meylan, France); (iii) Intracellular ATP: Intracellular ATP: ATPlite 1step Luminescence Assay kit (Perkin-Elmer, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France); following the manufacturer’s guidelines. Reactions were quantified by spectrophotometer (Victor3, Perkin-Elmer, Villebon-sur-Yvette, France).