Synchrotron microfocus X-ray spectroscopy was carried out at the Diamond Light Source I18 Beamline (Oxfordshire, UK). Microfocus X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) analysis was undertaken to provide information on the spatial distribution of elements of interest for a number of lung sections. For identified areas of high cerium concentration, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectrometry of the Ce LIII-edge was carried out to investigate chemical speciation (e.g. oxidation state). The spectra produced were compared with those for samples of some cerium compounds: Ce2(CO3)3, Ce(OH)4 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and CeO2 (Acros Organics, Morris, NJ), and a sample of the CeO2NPs. Further details are described in the Supplementary information.
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