Materials

Isopropyl-β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and H₂O₂ were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). The reduced form of GSH, 6-OHDA, catalase, and anti-β-actin (AC-15) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). A protease inhibitor cocktail tablet was obtained from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan). Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agarose was purchased from QIAGEN GmbH (Hilden, Germany). Benzoquinone (BzQ) was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium/Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F-12, 11320-033) was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA), and fetal bovine serum (FBS, GPK0029) was purchased from HyClone (Logan, UT). SH-SY5Y cells were obtained from the American Tissue Type Collection (Manassas, VA). Other chemicals used were of the highest quality commercially available. Monoclonal antibodies against oxDJ-1 were prepared as previously described.¹⁸