Anthropometric measurements

Weight and body fat mass were determined using a Body Composition Analyser (Model TBF-300 Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan), with the study subjects standing barefoot on the device at least 2 hours following a meal. Body mass index (BMI) [weight (kg)/height (m)²] was calculated. A BMI from 25 to 29.9 kg/m² was considered to be overweight, and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² was considered to be obese. The waist circumference was measured at the end of expiration using an inelastic measurement tape placed between the lower costal margin and iliac crest at the level of the umbilicus. The threshold of the waist circumference was ≥ 102 cm in men and ≥ 88 cm in women. Hip circumference was measured in the standing position at the widest part of the gluteal region. Waist to hip ratio was calculated, with thresholds of ≥ 0.9 and ≥ 0.8 for males and females, respectively.¹¹