Two types of numerical experiments are designed as follow: 1) SST_Assim: The observed SST is assimilated into the ocean component of CAS-ESM-C once every 7 days during the free coupled integration. Coupling is performed without any adjustment of SST and fluxes. 2) AMIP: The atmospheric component is forced with observed monthly SST as the oceanic boundary condition. The gridded daily SST data used for assimilation are infrared satellite data from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)24, spanning from 1981 to 2014. The data assimilation scheme is Ensemble Optimal Interpolation (EnOI)42,43.
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