American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Scores

Clinical evaluation was conducted preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 year. The clinical effects were evaluated with the scores on the hallux metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal scale developed by the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS)³¹.

Forty points were assigned to pain, in which none was 40 points; mild or occasional was 30 points; moderate or daily was 20 points; and severe or almost always present was 0 point. Besides, 45 points were assigned to function, contained scales of activity limitations, footwear requirements, metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint motion (dorsiflexion plus plantar flexion), interphalangeal (IP) joint motion (plantar flexion), MTP‐IP stability (all directions), and callus related to hallux MTP‐IP. In addition, 15 points were assigned to alignment (Good, hallux well aligned, 15 points; Fair or some degree of hallux malalignment observed or no symptoms, 8 points; Poor or obvious symptomatic malalignment, 0 points).