The study was undertaken with the approval and institutional oversight of the Institutional Review Board for the Protection of Human Subjects at both Chia‐Yi Christian Hospital (IRB‐101014) and National Cheng Kung University Hospital (ER‐95‐49). The tumor specimens from 151 bladder cancer patients were retrospectively retrieved, as well as two‐tissue microarray. All the patients were managed according to the bladder cancer treatment guideline, modified from NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.
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