Habitat and host-specificity of a microbiome was assessed by calculating the compositional similarities of all 381 samples with the Bray-Curtis Similarity Index and illustrating them in a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plot using the phyloseq package [76]. To confirm habitat and host-specificity, permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) was applied using the adonis() function of the vegan package [78] with 10,000 permutations.
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