The formation of capillary-like structures by HUVECs was assessed using the Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix (Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA). Briefly, HUVECs were seeded in Matrigel-coated 96-well plates at a density of 5×104 cells/cm2. Tube formation was observed under an inverted phase fluorescent microscope (Olympus Corp.), and images were captured with a digital camera. The results were quantified by measuring the total length of the tubules in each well.
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