Cell autophagy was detected by monodansylcadaverine (MDC; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) staining. Cells were washed with PBS and then incubated with 0.05 mmol/L MDC in PBS at 37°C for 45 mins. Subsequently, cells were washed three times with PBS and immediately analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell Quest software was used to analyze 104 cells. The number of MDC-positive cells was positively correlated with autophagy status.
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