2.6. Western blot analysis

Protein samples were electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane. The membranes were then incubated with anti‐LC3 (Abcam), anti‐ATM (Abcam), anti‐pAMPK/AMPK (Abcam), anti‐pmTOR/mTOR (Abcam) or anti‐CD63 (Sangon Biotech). eECL kit (Beyotime) was used to illuminate, and the Chemi‐Doc XRS+ (Bio‐Rad) was used to imaging of membranes. β‐tubulin was used as internal control.