The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of a study cancer. Cancer diagnoses outcomes were defined by ICD-9-CM codes. Definitions included: bladder (ICD-9-CM codes 188.x); breast (ICD-9-CM codes 174x, 175.x), colorectal (ICD-9-CM codes 153.x, 154.x); esophageal (ICD-9-CM codes 150.x); gastric (ICD-9-CM codes 151.x); liver (ICD-9-CM codes 155.x); lung (ICD-9-CM codes 162.x); pancreas (ICD-9-CM codes 157.x); prostate (ICD-9-CM codes 185.x); and renal (ICD-9-CM codes 189.x)[25].
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