Complications, adverse events, and additional surgery

We will perform subgroup analyses by testing the same association between our intervention and outcomes within specific subgroups of our sample, namely age, sex, fracture type, duration of surgery, participant center, as well as adverse events and complications. Since these are post-hoc analyses, they should be interpreted with caution. Complications and adverse events will be recorded during the surgical procedure, postoperatively and at follow-up. Intraoperative adverse events include the following: anesthesia, hemorrhage, lesion diameter, and neurological lesion. Postoperative complications include the following: superficial infection, deep infection, neurological lesion, vascular lesion, and hematoma. Adverse effects include the following: death, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, urinary infection, acute respiratory insufficiency, multiple organ failure, sepsis, implant breakage or loosening, and reoperation.

All adverse events and complications will be monitored, treated and followed up during the course of the study. Additional surgeries during follow-up that are related to the surgical treatment will be recorded. Additional surgery at the operation level will be considered a complication and a poor result except for patients who require the anterior approach to support a failed anterior column.