Maximal strength assessment

Assessment of maximal strength was determined using a 1-RM test for the squat exercise followed by the bench press exercise at both the pre- and post-testing sessions. The procedures for obtaining the 1-RM measurement were the same for both exercises. Participants warmed-up by cycling on an Airdyne bicycle (Schwinn, Vancouver, WA) for 5 min at a self-determined pace followed by completion of 8 to 10 repetitions at approximately 50% of estimated 1-RM. The participant rested for approximately 2 minutes and then completed 3–5 repetitions at approximately 70% of estimated 1-RM. The weight was then increased conservatively and the participant attempted to lift the weight for one repetition. If the lift was successful, the participant rested for 2 minutes before testing the next weight increment. This procedure continued until the participant failed to complete the lift successfully. The 1-RM was recorded as the maximum weight that the participant was able to lift for one repetition.

The squat exercise was performed using a Smith machine (Maxicam, Muscle Dynamics, Paramount, CA) to help standardize form. In addition, squats were performed down to a squat box (Elitefts™, London, OH) to standardize squat depth to 90 degrees of knee flexion for all participants. For the squat to be considered successful, participants were required to squat down until lightly touching the box before beginning the concentric portion of the lift. The bench press exercise was performed in a power rack using an adjustable bench (Hammer Strength, Life Fitness, Rosemont, IL). Participants were required to touch the chest with the barbell before performing the concentric portion of the lift in order to be considered successful.