2.5. Statistical Analysis

Spatial-temporal, kinematic, kinetic data, and dynamic balance parameters were analyzed. Low reliability and large errors have been reported for the hip and knee transverse plane angles and knee frontal plane angles recorded by 3D motion capture systems [30]. These parameters were not included in this study.

Eight gait cycles from each participant under each walking condition were selected for the analysis. The Shapiro–Wilk test was performed to test the normality of the data. A two-way mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) (group∗walking condition) was used to analyze the spatial-temporal, kinematic, and dynamic balance parameters using SPSS 22.0. For kinetic parameters (joint moments), a two-way ANCOVA (group∗walking condition) with speed as a covariate was used. A statistically significant difference was accepted as p < 0.05. The eta squared (η²) is used as the measure of the effect size. The η² of 0.01, 0.06, and 0.14 means the small effect, moderate effect, and large effect, respectively [31].