In all presented experiments, cells were pretreated for 30 min with various concentrations of tianeptine (0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 50 μM; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and were then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 ng/mL; Escherichia coli 0111:B4, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). Control (unstimulated) cells were treated with vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer).
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