The mitochondrial function was measured using a JC-1 staining kit (Genmed Scientifics Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). Briefly, 10 μl of high-purity mitochondria (containing 5 μg mitochondrial proteins) were incubated in JC-1 staining reagent (100 μl) for 10 min. Images were captured using a microscope (Olympus IX71; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) at wavelengths of 594 and 488 nm. Healthy mitochondria, which have a high potential, showed a high intensity of red fluorescence at 594 nm and a low intensity of green fluorescence at 488 nm; damaged mitochondria showed a low intensity of red fluorescence at 594 nm and a high intensity of green fluorescence at 488 nm. The ratio of red/green intensity was measured to evaluate the function of isolated mitochondria from each group.
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