Differentiation of HBM-MSCs into Endocrine Cells

The expanded and characterized cells from the 3 donors were pooled prior to differentiation. Differentiation was performed according to a protocol previously reported by Tayaramma et al⁹. Initially, the cells were cultured for 3 d in serum-free DMEM supplemented with trichostatin-A (TSA; Sigma-Aldrich) at a concentration of 55 nanomoles. Then, the cells were cultured for an additional 7 d in high-glucose (25 millimoles) medium consisting of a 1:1 ratio of DMEM:DMEM/F12 (Sigma-Aldrich). This mixture was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 10 nanomoles glucagon (GCG)-like peptide 1 (Sigma-Aldrich).