Surgery

Surgery was undertaken using a surgeon-specific longitudinal or oblique incision over the injured clavicle. When possible, inter-fragmentary lag screw was used for temporary fixation followed by rigid fixation with a reconstruction plate, locking reconstruction plate (Synthes, Bochum, Germany), dynamic compression plate (DCP), or pre-contoured locking compression plate (LCP superior clavicle plate, Synthes, Bochum, Germany). The plates were selected according to the surgeon preference. The plates were contoured by the surgeon to fit the shape of the clavicle and were all positioned on the superior surface of the bone with a minimum of three bicortical screws in both the proximal and distal end.