2.1. Participants and Instrument

Participants were 19 years or older, had regular sleep patterns, and recruited from a Midwestern University. We defined “regular sleep patterns” as the participant’s ability to maintain a sleep schedule without the aid of medication screened by consensus sleep diary [15]. Individuals with a diagnosis of insomnia were excluded, as this sleep disorder could influence results obtained from an otherwise healthy population. Individuals who were pregnant were also excluded. This study was approved by the University of Nebraska Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB #080-15-EP). Seventy-nine healthy subjects signed the informed consent form to participate in this study. Participants were divided into two groups, detailed later, and descriptive characteristics by group and gender are shown in Table 1. The study population was 71% Caucasian, 22% Asian/Pacific Islander, 6% Hispanic/Latino, and 1% African American.

Descriptive characteristics of participants (n = 78).

BMI = Body Mass Index.