Testing of lipid oxidation

All lipid materials were aliquoted and stored in a freezer (–18 °C) in acid‐washed glassware under argon gas to protect against oxidation. Upon being mixed with spring water, gum acacia, and EDTA, a liquid–liquid extraction using chloroform was performed on the lipid layer. This portion was screened for the presence of peroxides using the SafTest (MP Biomedical, Solon, OH, U.S.A.) and conjugated dienes using a Micro Chem II spectrophotometer (BBI Source Scientific, Garden Grove, CA, U.S.A.) and UV spectrophotometer (Cary 50 Bio, Varian, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.), respectively. When read at 234 nm, the acceptable range for the presence of peroxides is 0.3 to 1.2 μM and for conjugated dienes is 0.05 to 0.5 μM. Only trace amounts of either species were found in the lipid ingredients or the homogenized samples.