The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was performed using the LDH Cytotoxicity Assay Kit (A020-2, Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, Nanjing, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The amount of LDH released by cells can be used as an index of cellular damage. The kit contains WST (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate) reagent for detection of LDH released from the damaged cells. Reacting with WST, LDH oxidizes lactate to generate NADH, which can be quantified at 450 nm optical density by a ELIASA (Infinite 200 PRO, Tecan).
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