Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels on the experimental stroke side were quantified using ExCell ELISA kits (ExCell Biology) as per the manufacturer's instructions. In brief, the brain tissue was homogenized in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS, pH 7.4). The protein concentration of each sample was determined using a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China).
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