Transwell migration assays were performed in 8-μm-pore transwell inserts (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). 400 μl HUVECs suspended in SFM at 1.5 × 105 cells/ml was seeded into upper chamber and 1 ml of different conditioned mediums was added to the lower chamber as a chemoattractant. After incubation for 18 hours, the upper surface of the insert was wiped with cotton swab and cells migrated to the lower surface were fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with crystal violet. Cell number was counted in 6 random fields per well (200 ×).
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