Bone mineral densitometry

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (GE Lunar Prodigy Scanner, GE Lunar Corporation, WI, USA) was used to measure BMD. The lowest T-score obtained from the lumbar vertebrae and femur levels was accepted as the valid T-score. The T-scores were expressed as standard deviations (SD) compared to the mean BMD of the young male population. BMD was defined according to the World Health Organization criteria; T-scores higher than −1.0 SD were considered normal, T-scores from −1.0 to −2.5 SD were considered to indicate osteopenia, and T scores lower than −2.5 SD were considered to indicate osteoporosis.